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References & Footnotes

REFERENCES

  1. Anner, M., Kucera, D., & Sari, D. (2017). Labour rights indicators: a new resource for better understanding of labour rights in the world. Global Labour Column.
  2. Botero, J., Djankov , S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labour. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1339-1382.
  3. Center for Global Workers' Rights. (2020). Labour Rights Indicators. Retrieved from Penn State University: http://labour-rights-indicators.la.psu.edu/
  4. Diane F. Frey, G. M. (2016). A Human Rights Lens on Full Employment and Decent Work in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. SAGE.
  5. Frey, D. F., & MacNaughton, G. (2016). A Human Rights Lens on Full Employment and Decent Work in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. SAGE.
  6. Hawkins, A. J. (2020, May). UBER AND LYFT’S FRAGMENTED FUTURE CAN BE GLIMPSED IN CALIFORNIA’S DRIVER CLASSIFICATION LAWSUIT. Retrieved from THE VERGE: https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/7/21250955/uber-ab5-california-lawsuit-driver-misclassification-future-ny-nj-analysis
  7. Heymann, J., & Earle, A. (2009). Raising the global floor: dismantling the myth that we can't afford good working conditions for everyone. Stanford University Press.
  8. ILO. (2008). ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/genericdocument/wcms_371208.pdf
  9. ILO. (2013, April 3). Labour inspection country profiles. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: http://ilo.org/labadmin/info/WCMS_DOC_LAB_INF_CTR_EN/lang--en/index.htm)
  10. ILO. (2018, April 30). More than 60 per cent of the world’s employed population are in the informal economy. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_627189/lang--en/index.htm
  11. ILO. (2020). Decent work indicators. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/integration/themes/mdw/WCMS_189392/lang--en/index.htm
  12. ILO. (2020). Retrieved from Employment Protection Legislation Database (EPLex): https://eplex.ilo.org/?p_lang=en%29
  13. ILO. (2020). Global Database on Occupational Safety and Health Legislation. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/legosh/en/f?p=14100:1:0::NO:
  14. ILO. (2020, July 1-9). ILO Global Summit on COVID-19 and the World of Work - Building a better future of work. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/events/WCMS_747476/lang--en/index.htm
  15. ILO. (2020). Legal Database on Industrial Relations. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/irlex/en/f?p=14100:1:0::NO:
  16. ILO. (2020). Working Conditions Laws Database. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.home
  17. ILO. (2010). World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Retrieved from International Labour Organization: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_146566.pdf
  18. ITUC. (2020). ITUC Global Rights Index. Retrieved from ITUC CSI IGB: https://survey.ituc-csi.org/ITUC-Global-Rights-Index.html?lang=es
  19. Millennium Development Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2020). Retrieved from Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC): https://www.cepal.org/cgibin/getProd.asp?xml=/mdg/noticias/paginas/7/35557/P35557.xml&xsl=/mdg/tpl/p18f-st.xsl&base=/mdg/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl
  20. Miller, T., Kim, A. B., & Robert, J. M. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation.
  21. OECD. (2020). OECD Indicators of Employment Protection. Retrieved from OECD: https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/oecdindicatorsofemploymentprotection.htm
  22. Social Security Administration. (2020). Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis: Social Security Programs Throughout the World. Retrieved from Social Security Administration: https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html
  23. The National Bureau of Economic Research. (2020). The 2004 Global Labor Survey: Workplace Institutions and Practices Around the World. Retrieved from The National Bureau of Economic Research: https://www.nber.org/papers/w11598
  24. United Nations. (2014). The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet. New York.
  25. United Nations. (2017). Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, (pp. 1-25).
  26. United Nations. (2020). Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Retrieved from Department of Economic and Social Affairs: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8
  27. University of Cambridge. (2020). Apollo: CBR Leximetric Datasets. Retrieved from University of Cambridge: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256566
  28. World Bank. (2004). Doing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation. Washington D.C.: World Bank; The International Finance Corporation; Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB04-FullReport.pdf
  29. World Bank. (2016). Doing Business 2016: Measuring Regulatory Quality and Efficiency. Washington D.C.: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0667-4
  30. World Bank. (2019). WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2019. Washington D.C.: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31327/WBL2019.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
  31. World Bank. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. Washington D.C.: World Bank. DOI:10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2.
  32. World Economic Forum. (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2016-2017/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2016-2017_FINAL.pdf
  33. Yang, L. (2014). An Inventory of Composite Measures of Human Progress. United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report Office.

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FOOTNOTE

1. Comparative Labour Law Expert at the WageIndicator Foundation and Founder of the Centre for Labour Research 

2. A 2014 UN report provides an inventory of 101 composite measures of well-being and progress, covering a broad range of themes from governance to gender disparity and poverty to economic progress. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/inventory-composite-measures-human-progress

3. The Labour Rights Index 2020 is based on national labour legislation, applicable on 01 January 2020. It does not take into account COVID-19 related labour market measures.  

4. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

5. Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment.

6. MDGs included 8 Goals, 21 Targets and 60 indicators. 

https://www.unicef.org/statistics/index_24304.html ; https://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/mdg/noticias/paginas/7/35557/P35557.xml&xsl=/mdg/tpl/p18f-st.xsl&base=/mdg/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl

7. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg8

8. Frey and MacNaughton, 2016. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244016649580

9. Including SDGs 2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12 & 16. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework_A.RES.71.313%20Annex.pdf

10. Anner, Kucera and Sari, 2017

11. UN, 2014. http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignity_by_2030.pdf

12. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244016649580

13. These include Working Conditions Laws Database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.home), Global Database on Occupational Safety and Health Legislation (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/legosh/en/f?p=14100:1:::NO:: ), Employment protection legislation database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/eplex/termmain.home?p_lang=en), Industrial Relations Database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/irlex/en/f?p=14100:1:0::NO::: ), and Labour Inspection Country Profiles (http://ilo.org/labadmin/info/WCMS_DOC_LAB_INF_CTR_EN/lang--en/index.htm)

14. Now referred to as Labour Market Regulation http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/employing-workers

15. http://wbl.worldbank.org/

16. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1

17. http://www.nber.org/papers/w11598

18. https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2020/book/index_2020.pdf As explained in the Methodology, the Labour Freedom component considers seven quantitative sub factors and is part of Regulatory Efficiency, one of the four major aspects of economic and entrepreneurial environment.

19. http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html

20. https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/oecdindicatorsofemploymentprotection.htm

21. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256566

22. International Trade Union Congress

23. While violations in law are identified through legal document analysis, violations in practice are identified through questionnaires sent to the 325 ITUC affiliates in 161 countries and territories representing 176 million workers as well as the Global Union Federations.

24. https://survey.ituc-csi.org/ITUC-Global-Rights-Index.html

25. http://labour-rights-indicators.la.psu.edu/

26. Centre for Labour Research is a non-profit organization based in Pakistan. For details of contributions, please refer to acknowledgements. 

27. Doing Business 2004 report defines labour law to include the following four types of regulations: “employment regulation, social security laws, industrial relations, and workplace safety and health laws”. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB04-FullReport.pdf (p.30)

28. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/genericdocument/wcms_371208.pdf

29. https://www.ilo.org/integration/themes/mdw/WCMS_189392/lang--en/index.htm

30. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_146566/lang--en/index.htm  (page 101)

31. Botero, J. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shliefer, A. 2004. “The Regulation of Labour” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(4), pp. 1339-1382

32. Heymann, J., and Earle, A. 2009. Raising the global floor: dismantling the myth that we can't afford good working conditions for everyone. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Politics and Policy.

33. ILO estimates that the large-scale workplace closures around the world in response to COVID-19 have led to a reduction in hours worked of 10.7% worldwide in the second quarter of 2020. Based on 48-hour working week, this translates into the loss of 305 million jobs. Moreover, of the 3.5 billion global labour force, 60% are engaged in the informal economy. ILO estimates that 1.6 billion of these 2 billion workers face an imminent threat to their livelihoods as average income in the informal economy shrunk by 60 per cent in the first month of the pandemic.  https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/events/WCMS_747476/lang--en/index.htm

34. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/7/21250955/uber-ab5-california-lawsuit-driver-misclassification-future-ny-nj-analysis

35. Mandatory statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.

36. Non-compulsory statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.

37. Conditional statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.

38. Statutory access to more than one type of coverage to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.

39. Statutory access to special systems (such as schemes) relevant to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.

40. For the minimum wage question, the Index considers lowest rates, notified by the governments, to ensure comparability of data. These may include minimum wage rates for unskilled work. 

41. Includes foreign workers which comprise most of the labour force in some countries

42. Decent Work Check is a WageIndicator concept which has been developed over more than a decade to inform workers about their workplace rights on a global level.

43. https://wageindicator.org/

44. WHO defines COVID-19 as an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. The virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally. (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses) 

The Coronavirus Resource Centre at the John Hopkins University reports more than 30 million cases and 0.94 million deaths from the deadly pandemic since its outbreak in December 2019.  

https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

45. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_627189/lang--en/index.htm

46. Since the focus of Labour Rights Index has been the labour force, it was decided to cover most populous areas in federal states where local legislation is considerably different from the federal legislation. The following federal states with the most populous areas were chosen: Australia (New South Wales), Canada (Ontario), India (Uttar Pradesh), Pakistan (Punjab), and the United States of America (California) 

47. This includes rules and regulations issued by the administrative departments. 

48. Although these conventions provide for compensatory rest days for those workers engaged on a weekly rest holiday, these can be used as a model to provide compensatory rest days to workers working on public holidays. 

49. The Global Commission on the Future of Work 2019 recommended the development of an “international governance system for digital labour platforms” requiring platforms (and clients) to respect certain minimum rights and protections. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC, 2006) can be used as an example.

50. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB16-Full-Report.pdf

51. A similar approach has been used by the International Trade Union Confederation under its ITUC Global Rights Index 2020. https://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-global-rights-index-2020

52. To make data comparable at the global level, a five-day work week is assumed and hence the required days of leave is at least 15 working days.

53. For data comparability, 4-week notice period is also considered equivalent to 30-day notice period. 

54. Taking into account the fact that the first six months are vital for the healthy development of a child (UNICEF, 2019), the Labour Rights Index considers four-month parental leave along with compulsory post-natal leave of 6 weeks. It is just 18 days short of 180 days!

55. To give equal treatment to workers, labour legislation must regulate the gig economy and provide the following universal labour guarantees or basic labour protections to the gig workers: access to fundamental workers' rights, social protection, adequate living wages, decent working hours, and safe and healthy workplaces.

56. Work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young persons

57. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 23 and 25 and country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Centre for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Centre for Global Workers’ Rights.

58. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 62, 65 and 68 as well as country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Centre for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Centre for Global Workers’ Rights.

59. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 84, 86 and 92 as well as country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Center for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Center for Global Workers’ Rights.

60. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 30 and 94, and country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Center for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Center for Global Workers’ Rights.

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