Safe Work

Decent work, in essence, is safe work. The Safe Work indicator measures whether labour legislation ensures that workers are trained about health and safety issues before the commencement of work and whether the employer provides free personal protective equipment to workers. It also measures countries' compliance on restrictions on arduous work for pregnant workers and whether countries provide some kind of employment injury benefits.

6.1 Free Personal Protective Equipment

Does the law require employers to provide free personal protective equipment to workers?

International Regulatory Standard

• Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)
• Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981 (No. 164)

Article 16 of the ILO’s Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) states that employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without health risk; and that the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under their control are without health risk when the appropriate measures of protection are taken. Also, the employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, adequate protective clothing and protective equipment to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, the risk of accidents or adverse effects on health.

Furthermore, Article 21 of this Convention states that occupational safety and health measures shall not involve any expenditure by the workers. Paragraph 10(e) of the ILO’s Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981 (No. 164) also requires employers “to provide, without any cost to the worker, adequate personal protective clothing and equipment which are reasonably necessary when hazards cannot be otherwise prevented or controlled”.

Scoring Methodology

Whether the law requires employers to provide free personal protective equipment to workers:

1: Labour legislation requires employers to provide free personal protective equipment to the workers.

0: There is no requirement to provide free personal protective equipment to workers

6.2 Training - Occupational Safety and Health

Does the law require employers to train workers on health and safety Issues?

International Regulatory Standard

• Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)
• Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981 (No. 164)

Article 19(d) of the ILO’s Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) requires that there should be arrangements at the level of the undertaking/enterprise under which workers and their representatives in the workplace are given appropriate training in occupational safety and health.

Paragraph 10(b) of the ILO’s Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981 (No. 164) requires employers to give necessary instructions and training, taking account of the functions and capacities of different categories of workers.

Scoring Methodology

Whether the legislation requires employers to train workers on health and safety issues:

1: The law requires employers to provide health and safety training to workers when they join work or are assigned new work.

0: The legislation does not require employers to provide training to workers on health and safety issues.

6.3 Restrictions on Work (for Pregnant or Nursing Women)

Does the law restrict work that is prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child?

International Regulatory Standard

• Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183)
• Maternity Protection Recommendation, 2000 (No. 191)

From the ILO’s Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183), Article 3 states that after consulting the representative organisations of employers and workers, appropriate measures should be adopted to ensure that pregnant or breastfeeding women are not obliged to perform work which has been determined by the competent authority to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child, or where an assessment has established a significant risk to the mother’s health or that of her child.

Detailed provisions on health protection of a pregnant or nursing woman and her child are found in Paragraph 6 of the ILO’s Maternity Protection Recommendation, 2000 (No. 191).

Scoring Methodology

Whether the legislation restricts work that is determined to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child:

1: The legislation restricts pregnant or nursing women from being obliged to perform arduous work and night work that is prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child. Based on the workplace assessment and medical certificate, legislation should require the elimination of risk, adaptation of working conditions, transfer to another post without loss of pay, and access to paid leave when neither of the above is possible.

0: Arduous work and any of its other forms* are not prohibited for pregnant or nursing workers, or there is a general prohibition only.

*As noted in Paragraph 6(3) of the ILO Recommendation 191

6.4 Employment Injury Benefits

Does the law provide for employment injury benefits in the event of an occupational accident or disease?

International Regulatory Standard

• Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)

ILO’s Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) stipulates the provision of employment injury benefits at the rate of at least 50 percent of a worker’s former wage (40 percent for survivors).

This applies to an accident or disease resulting from employment, and the contingencies should cover a morbid condition; incapacity for work resulting from such a condition and involving suspension of earnings, as defined by national laws or regulations; total loss of earning capacity or partial loss thereof in excess of a prescribed degree, likely to be permanent, or corresponding loss of faculty; and the loss of support suffered by the widow or child as the result of the death of the breadwinner. In the case of a widow, the right to benefit may be made conditional on her being presumed, in accordance with national laws or regulations, to be incapable of self-support.*

Scoring Methodology

Whether legislation provides for employment injury benefits:

1: Employment injury benefits (in case of occupational accident or disease) are provided under the law and are paid through social insurance, or the employer pays a monthly premium to the private or public carrier (insurance provider) to provide employment injury benefits.

0: Employment injury benefits are not financed through the social insurance system or public or private carrier (is employer liability program only) or is not provided under the law.

*Due to nonstandard calculations for employee injury benefits, the value of 50% and 40% cannot be easily ascertained for countries. This led to the use of a simpler scoring Scoring Methodology for this component.

Safe Work - comparative tables

Free Personal Protective Equipment

Region	Provision of Free PPE	No Provision	Covered Countries
Africa	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe	Central African Republic, Chad, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone	45
Americas	Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America	Argentina, Venezuela	19
Asia	Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, United Araba Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	Lao People's Democratic Republic, Taiwan	38
Europe	Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom		40
Oceania	Australia, New Zealand	Papua New Guinea	3
Total Countries	134	11	145

Training on OSH

Region	Training on OSH	No Provision	Covered Countries
Africa	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe	Central African Republic, Cabo Verde, Rwanda, Mauritania, Sierra Leone	45
Americas	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America, Venezuela	Haiti	19
Asia	Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan , Tajikistan, Thailand, United Araba Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	Israel, Myanmar, Sri Lanka	38
Europe	Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom		40
Oceania	Australia, New Zealand	Papua New Guinea	3
Total Countries	135	10	145

Restriction on Work (for Pregnant or Nursing Women)

Region	Prohibition of Work Prejudicial to the Health of Mother or Child	No Prohibition	Covered Countries
Africa	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Central African Republic, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia	Algeria, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Eswatini, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe	45
Americas	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America, Venezuela	Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras	19
Asia	Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan , Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	Bahrain, Cambodia, India, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates	38
Europe	Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom		40
Oceania	Australia, New Zealand	Papua New Guinea	3
Total Countries	114	31	145

Employment Injury Benefits

Region	Employer Liability	Insurance Provider	Social Insurance	Covered Countries
Africa	Gambia, Sierra Leone	Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Eswatini, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia	Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, United Republic of Tanzania, Zimbabwe	45
Americas		Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras, United States of America	Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela	19
Asia	Bangladesh, Qatar	Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand	Afghanistan, Bahrain, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Taiwan , Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	38
Europe	Georgia	Finland, Portugal	Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom	40
Oceania		Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea		3
Total Countries	5	30	110	145

Safe Work - country score snapshot