Child and Forced Labour

The Child and Forced Labour indicator measures legislation regulating the employment of children and linking this employment to their compulsory education. The indicator also measures whether legislation prohibits forced labour.

9.1 Employment Age

Does the law prohibit the employment of children?

International Regulatory Standard

• Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

Article 2 of the ILO’s Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) states that a minimum age for admission to employment or work shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, shall not be less than 15 years.

However, a ratifying Member whose economy and educational facility are insufficiently developed may, after consultation with the organisations of employers and workers concerned, initially specify a minimum age of 14 years.*

Article 32(2) of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 can be applied here as well. It states that the States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of a minimum age or minimum age for admission to employment; provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment; and provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

Scoring Methodology

Whether the law prohibits the employment of children:

1: The legislation prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 years (14 years in the case of developing countries).

0: The employment entry age is lower than 15 years (14 years in the case of developing countries).

* https://data.worldbank.org/country

9.2 Compulsory Schooling Age

Does the law set employment entry age equal to or higher than the compulsory schooling age?

International Regulatory Standard

• Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)

Article 2(3) of the ILO’s Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) specifies that the minimum age for employment shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, shall not be less than 15 years (14 years for developing countries).

Scoring Methodology

Whether employment entry age is similar or higher than the compulsory education age:

1: The legislation sets the employment entry age equal to or higher than the compulsory education age.

0: The employment entry age is lower than the compulsory education age or if the compulsory schooling age is not defined under the law.

9.3 Age for Hazardous Work

Does the law prohibit the employment of young persons in hazardous work under the age of 18 years?

International Regulatory Standard

• Minimum Age Convention 1973 (No. 138
• Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC)

Article 3 of the ILO’s Minimum Age Convention 1973 (No. 138) stipulates that the minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work which, by its nature, or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young persons shall not be less than 18 years. The types of employment or work shall be determined by national laws or regulations or by the competent authority, after consultation with the organisations of employers and workers concerned, where such exist. National laws or regulations or the competent authority may authorise employment or work from the age of 16 years on the condition that the health, safety and morals of the young persons concerned are fully protected and that the young persons have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.

Furthermore, Article 32(1) of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Child states that there should be recognition of the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

Scoring Methodology

Whether the law prohibits the employment of young persons in hazardous work:

1: The legislation prohibits the employment of young persons under the age of 18 years in hazardous work.*

0: The employment entry age for hazardous work is lower than 18 years or is not specified under the law.

*Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of a young person.

9.4 Forced Labour

Does the law prohibit forced labour?

International Regulatory Standard

• Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
• Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Article 2 of the ILO’s Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) specifies that forced or compulsory labour means all work or service (with some exceptions) which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself Voluntarily.

Protocol of 2014 to the ILO’s Forced Labour Convention, 1930 focuses on taking effective measures to prevent and eliminate the use of forced or compulsory labour, to provide protection to victims and access to appropriate and effective remedies, such as compensation, and sanction the perpetrators of forced or compulsory labour. It also refers to specific action against trafficking in persons for the purposes of forced or compulsory labour.

Article 8 of the UN’s International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1954 states that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade in all their forms shall be prohibited, and no one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.

Scoring Methodology

Whether the law prohibits forced labour:

1: The legislation prohibits forced labour except in certain extraordinary circumstances.

0: The law does not prohibit forced labour or has only a general prohibition without any sanctions (monetary fines and/or term of imprisonment).

Child and Forced Labour - comparative tables

Employment Age of Children

Region	< 14 years	14 years	15 years	≥ 16 years	Covered Countries
Africa	Nigeria	Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, South Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania	Botswana, Cabo Verde, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Zambia	Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Rwanda, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe	45
Americas		Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru, Venezuela	Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico	Argentina, Brazil, Canada, El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, United States of America	19
Asia		Bangladesh, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen	Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan , Tajikistan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam	China, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan	38
Europe			Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovenia, Türkiye	Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom	40
Oceania				Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea	3
Total Countries	1	22	66	56	145

Employment Age of Children

Region	Employment Age < Compulsory Education Age	Employment Age = Compulsory Education Age	Employment Age > Compulsory Education Age	Covered Countries
Africa	Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia	Algeria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia, United Republic of Tanzania, Zimbabwe	Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Mauritania, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda	45
Americas	Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Peru, Venezuela	Canada, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, United States of America	Nicaragua	19
Asia	Cambodia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Tajikistan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen	Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Nepal, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan	Bangladesh, China, Iraq, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, Viet Nam	38
Europe	Belarus, Latvia, Romania, Russian Federation, Türkiye, Ukraine	Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom	Montenegro, Poland, Georgia	40
Oceania	Papua New Guinea	Australia, New Zealand		3
Total Countries	40	75	30	145

Age for Hazardous Work

Region	< 16 years	16 years	17 year	18 years	No Provision	Covered Countries
Africa				Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe		45
Americas				Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America, Venezuela		19
Asia		Singapore, Syria,	Nepal	Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan , Tajikistan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	United Arab Emirates	38
Europe		Portugal		Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom		40
Oceania	New Zealand	Papua New Guinea		Australia		3
Total Countries	1	4	1	139		145

Forced Labour

Region	Prohibition of Forced Labour (with sanctions)	General Prohibition	Covered Countries
Africa	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte D'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe		45
Americas	Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States of America, Venezuela		19
Asia	Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan , Tajikistan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen	Afghanistan	38
Europe	Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom		40
Oceania	Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand		3
Total Countries	144	1	145

Child and Forced Labour - country score snapshot