AI, Algorithmic Management and Collective Bargaining in European Services
Collective agreements are increasingly addressing issues such as privacy, data protection, worker involvement and training. The new report, produced in collaboration with FES, UNI Europa and CELSI, reveals insights into this trend.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic management (AM) are becoming more visible in workplaces, creating both opportunities and risks for workers. As regulation such as EU GDPR and the EU AI Act struggles to keep pace, collective bargaining can play an important role in governing their use.
This report presents findings from two waves of a survey conducted in 2023 and 2025 among 195 trade union representatives affiliated with UNI Europa across 43 countries, alongside an analysis of 108 collective agreements containing AI/AM provisions.
The findings show growing trade union engagement with AI/AM, with collective agreements increasingly addressing issues such as privacy, data protection, worker involvement, and training. Spain, Italy, Germany, and Denmark show the broadest thematic and sectoral coverage of AI/AM topics. However, employer resistance, limited knowledge, and legal uncertainty remain important barriers to further engagement with AI/AM topics.
The latest report can be found here.
On Monday 12 October, the report will be launched together with trade union partners who participated in the research.
About the author
Fiona Dragstra
Director, WageIndicator
Fiona Dragstra is the Director of the WageIndicator Foundation and leads the organisation’s global team, operations and strategic partnerships. She oversees WageIndicator’s labour market databases in 216 countries and territories, including the world’s largest Minimum Wage database, and authoritative datasets on Living Wage, Cost of Living, Collective Agreements, and Labour Law.
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