Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Management and Collective Bargaining in European services: Fast track or slow lane?

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic management (AM) tools are becoming increasingly visible in workplaces. Recent estimates suggest that around 80% of managers in Europe use AM tools in their firms. While these technologies offer potential benefits for managers, helping them manage the workforce more effectively and increase productivity, they also pose some risks, such as increased stress resulting from constant monitoring as well as reduced worker autonomy.

Some of these risks are partially addressed by the AI Act; however, several authors and actors consider the existing regulatory framework insufficient. In this report, we argue that collective bargaining represents one potential tool with which to lay down rules to govern the use of these technologies in the workplace.

The report draws on an original survey of 195 trade union representatives affiliated with UNI Europa across 43 countries in two waves (2023, 2025), as well as an analysis of 108 collective agreements that already contain provisions related to the use of AI. In addition, desk research was conducted to assess the current regulatory and industrial relations landscape.