Living Wages In Context

Project Descriptions:

WageIndicator runs a continuously operating global programme (December 2013–ongoing) built on three components that reinforce each other: 1. the Living Wage, Living Income and Living Tariff methodology and public database; 2. country- and sector-level deep-dives run with trade unions and donors; 3. and supply-chain implementation work commissioned directly by corporate buyers. All three draw on the same data pipeline, calculation rules and team, so evidence generated in one component continuously strengthens the other two. As an auditor said: “it runs like a Swiss clock!”.

References:

• Shift project (2026) Technical Note on Adequate Wages
• BSR
• OECD (2023) OECD Living wages in context: A comparative analysis for OECD countries. Papers on wellbeing and inequalities Working Paper No.13
• Directive (EU) 2022/2041 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on adequate minimum wages in the European Union (OJ L 275, 25.10.2022, p. 33).
• United Nations Global Compact (n.d.) Ensuring a Living Wage is an Essential Aspect of Decent Work
• IDH Sustainable Trade Initiative (2025). Recommended Living Wage Estimate Methodologies: WageIndicator Typical Family (Living Wage Benchmark Series).
• Newforsight (2020) Towards a living wage in the sugarcane sector? Identifying feasible benchmark methodologies to include a decent or living wage benchmark in Bonsucro’s Production Standard

Publications:

• Guzi, M., Amanquarnor, N.A., Ceccon, D., Kahanec, M., Osse, P.C., Dragstra, F., Tijdens, K.G., Holičková, N. & Kalra, M. (2026). Living Wages, Living Income, Living Tariff Worldwide. Update May 2026. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation.
• WageIndicator Foundation (2025). FAQ – Living Wage: Living Wages, Living Income and Living Tariff Worldwide.
• Guzi, M., Amanquarnor, N.A., Ceccon, D., Kahanec, M., Osse, P., Dragstra, F., Tijdens, K.G. & Holičková, N. (2025). Living Wages, Living Income, Living Tariff Worldwide. Update November 2025. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation.
• Dragstra, F. / International Society of Sustainability Professionals (ISSP) (2024). A Game Changer for Tackling the Living Wage Gap — Globally.
• PWC & WageIndicator (2024) Working Towards paying a living wage, A guide to paying a fair and sustainable wage.
• PWC & WageIndicator (2023) Living Wage: an emerging standard - Global research into the role of Living Wage in creating a sustainable business
• Tijdens, K.G., van Klaveren, M., Adib, A., Ceccon, D., & Chowdhury, T.T. (2023). COVID‑19, absence from work and coping strategies with income loss in Bangladesh. Journal of Social and Economic Development.
• Hartman, V., & Tijdens, K. (2021). Living wages and compliance with labour law in the garment and flower farms sectors in Ethiopia.
• Adib, A. & Mahmud, M. (2020). Wages in Bangladesh. Sampling and fieldwork of the Wages and Work Survey 2020 Bangladesh. Dhaka, BIDS.
• Tijdens, K.G., Adib, A., Ceccon, D., Chowdhury, T., Mahmud, M., Medas, G., Osse, P. & Van Klaveren, M. (2020). Wages in Bangladesh: A study of Tea estates, Ready Made Garment, Leather, and Construction. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation.
• Tijdens, K.G., Ahmed, A., Mahmud, M., & Osse, P.C. (2020). Codebook of the Wages and Work Survey 2020 Bangladesh. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation.
• Van Klaveren, M., & Tijdens, K. (2022) Closing the Gaps between Minimum and Living Wages in the Cut Flowers Supply Chains. Amsterdam: WageIndicator Foundation
• Fabo, B., & Guzi, M. (2019). The cost of living in the EU: how much do you need? Brussels, ETUI Policy Brief N° 4/2019
• Korde, R., Varkkey, B., Guzi, M., Mehta, K. (2018) Do Minimum Wages Living Wages affect Industrial Relations in Asian Countries Presentation for ILERA 2018. WageIndicator Foundation, Amsterdam
• Fabo, B., & Belli, S. S. (2017). (Un)believable wages? An analysis of minimum wage policies in Europe from a living wage perspective. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6, Article 4.
• ALREI - WageIndicator Foundation (2017) Minimum and Living Wages in Zambia: Wage Gaps and Collective Bargaining
• Guzi, M., Kabina, K., & Tijdens, K.G. (2016). Living Wages in Cambodia. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation
• Guzi M., Kabina. K, Tijdens, K.G., (2016). Living Wages in Indonesia. Amsterdam, WageIndicator Foundation
• van Norel, J., Veldkamp, T, & Shayo, S. (2016). The Living Wage Eastern Africa project 2013-2016. Mid-Term Evaluation Final Report. The Coalition Factory

Expertise

WageIndicator produces its Living Wage work as more than a one-off calculation; it runs as a standing production system with a fixed division of labour, repeated every quarter: recruiting and training data collectors; assigning and collecting price data country by country and region by region; cleaning the data and controlling for outliers; enriching it with external sources such as IMF inflation data; presenting it through a dedicated quality-check and visualisation unit; delivering it to users; and coordinating the whole cycle so the next quarter's collection starts on time (in our auditors words: “it runs like a Swiss clock!”). This is only possible because the data-collection side is deliberately decentralised while the calculation and storage side is centralised: over 400 data collectors are active across all countries and territories where WageIndicator operates, feeding into one harmonised database, itself interlinked with WageIndicator's Minimum Wage, Salary, Labour Law and Collective Bargaining Agreement databases. This system's credibility extends beyond WageIndicator's own catalogue: WageIndicator is a founding member of WageMap, the multi-stakeholder initiative building a global Living Wage Reference Standard, and sits on both its Steering Committee and its Technical Committee, meaning its methodological choices are directly shaping the shared standard other living wage providers are measured against.

WageIndicator has been an important voice in the international living wage debate since 2013, when it presented at the European Conference on Living Wages in Berlin (25–26 November 2013, hosted by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Germany's BMZ). In 2016, it took part in the Asian Living Wage Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan, hosted by the Government of Pakistan together with the Netherlands and Germany, publishing Wages in Context in the Garment Industry in Asia for the occasion. Partnerships with major corporate actors followed: for example, Accenture in 2018, IKEA in 2019, and Unilever in 2021.

WageIndicator's Living Wage Database has been featured at several major forums since then. That presence at the institutions setting global living wage policy has only deepened since.

WageIndicator presented its Living Wage Database at the World Economic Forum in Davos (January 2023), participated in several UN Global Compact living wage forums over several years, including country roundtables such as Dutch, Indian, and Nordic business networks and events, and took part in the Operationalizing Living Wages session in April 2025 hosted by the ILO.

WageIndicator maintains ongoing collaborative relationships with relevant stakeholders such as the ILO, IDH and Shift, including joint sessions on collective action for living wages. The Living Wage programme is developed in continuous dialogue with the (multi-stakeholder) institutions responsible for setting global living wage practice.

Check - Double - Check

Quality control is layered and scheduled throughout the programme. WageIndicator runs an explicit cadence of yearly, quarterly and weekly checks covering the survey itself (is it collecting the right data, are translations still accurate, are there changes in the world that would impact cost of living?), the data collectors (recruitment, screening, training, testing), and the resulting dataset (outlier detection, currency-error checks, consistency against external references such as World Food Programme price data, and quarter-on-quarter stability). Any region showing an unexplained change of more than 10% between quarters triggers a defined escalation, up to commissioning an independent second data-collection team before any estimate is corrected. This has produced a visible, near-annual record of methodological improvements: the number-of-earners formula reworked in 2025, the "Guidance" figure and Living Income introduced in 2023, and Living Tariff added in 2024, with a Living Pension estimate now also in development and due to become freely accessible by the end of 2026, and subnational granularity progressively deepened in India, China and the US.

This process is also independently audited by Control Union on a yearly basis, and checked against an external benchmark: when the ILO adopted its formal Principles on Estimating a Living Wage in March 2024, WageIndicator published a full, principle-by-principle comparison of its own methodology against each one, a public self-assessment against this intergovernmental standard.

Transparant

Since May 2024, WageIndicator's Living Wage estimates have been made freely and publicly accessible, funded by a small coalition of multinational corporate sponsors spanning consumer goods, retail and furniture, who fund public access without controlling the underlying figures. But transparency runs deeper than open access to the published estimates themselves; the how, where and when of the underlying data collection is documented and published too. Every price collected is tied to a specific item ID, unit ID and variable label, all published in full in WageIndicator's codebook, so any user can see exactly what was asked, in what unit, and how it maps into the final calculation. The distinct channels through which prices are collected - face-to-face interviews via app, in-person price-checking in shops and markets, a paper-and-pencil version for areas where the app can't be used (e.g. in conflict zones), and clearly labelled external sources such as the World Food Programme's price database (only used currently for one country) - are each documented, and the published methodology explicitly states what share of each quarter's dataset came from which channel. Every individual price is traceable internally back to the specific data collector who gathered it, while respondents themselves remain anonymous. The minimum sample thresholds required before an estimate is published are also public (for example, 2,000–6,000 price observations per region for food, 50–200 for housing at country level), when a region falls short of the sample threshold, no estimate is published for that region that quarter, and users default to the country-level figure instead of the sub-national one. WageIndicator publishes the changelog of the survey instrument itself, a running, dated record of every item added, reworded or dropped, down to the month it happened, following academic rigour. Therefore a user can trace not just today's methodology but exactly how and when it changed.

The data is also cited by international media and named directly by multinationals in their own public disclosures, without any involvement from WageIndicator in how it gets used or reported. Since 2024, WageIndicator has also hosted a public living wage information sessions on a monthly basis open to anyone wanting to understand the methodology or discuss findings directly. Session topics track the practical questions companies and unions are actually facing: compliance thresholds ("Is it mandatory to be 100% Living Wage compliant every year?"), the effect of inflation shocks, exclusions from Living Wage policies, how training and job costs factor into the calculation, contractor and remote-worker pay, and how Living Wages can be secured through collective bargaining or implemented across complex, multi-tier supply chains. Each session addresses a distinct edge case or point of friction that has come up in WageIndicator's work with companies and unions.

Global / Local

The system is built around a clear design principle: decentralised data collection and centralised data storage. Data are collected by trained local researchers who speak the local language and understand the relevant social, economic and cultural context. At the same time, they work within a highly structured and standardised methodology, ensuring that results remain comparable across regions and countries, as well as from quarter to quarter and year to year.

Local knowledge is therefore treated as a continuous source of feedback. Data collectors and country managers receive annual training, participate in quarterly feedback sessions, and correspond regularly with regional and global managers. Their observations about survey questions, missing local items and assumptions that do not fit the local context have informed almost annual improvements to the survey and the entire process itself.

This is where the local dimension of the system adds value that a purely global framework could not provide. Model diets are based on each country’s own FAO food-balance data rather than on a single global basket. Housing standards reflect what “decent but not up-market” means in a particular region. Subnational granularity has also been expanded where local demand and sufficient data volumes justified it—from national estimates to 145 divisions in India, 359 prefectures in China and 625 commuting zones in the United States.

This local grounding also shapes how the living wage figure itself gets used in any given country deep-dive, not just how it's calculated. Every country's engagement is benchmarked against the relevant statutory minimum wage, and the in-country team's own read of the sector and national context determines how that comparison is framed and communicated..

Inclusive: A decent income for all: employees, self employed, entrepreneurs, retirees

Gender is a structural design feature across the whole programme. The calculation methodology itself models multiple household types - individual, standard, typical, and single-earner families - rather than assuming one generic family structure. The addition of Living Income and Living Tariff in 2024, and as of 2026, Living Pension, was specifically designed to extend coverage to self-employed and gig/platform workers, retirees and groups like domestic workers that formal minimum-wage frameworks routinely exclude.

At the data-collection level, WageIndicator has learned through experience that mixed-gender interviewing teams tend to work best, and trains all data collectors annually on safeguarding and its Code of Conduct before they are permitted into the field, an operational standard applied consistently across every country.